Isifundo 3: Khangela kwiwebhu (Search the web)

Kwesi sifundo, siya kufunda  iziseko zokukhangela kwiwebhu sisebenzisa iinjini zokukhangela (search engines) kunye neziphequluli zewebhu (web browsers).

Ekupheleni kwesi sifundo, uya kube:

• Chaza ukusetyenziswa kweenjini zokukhangela.
• Phendla amagama angundoqo alula usebenzisa injini yokukhangela 
• Ukukwazi ukulungisa  ukusebenzisa i-injini yokukhangela qwalasela umkhangeli zincwadi ukusebenzisa uphendlo oluthile
• Thelekisa iziphumo zophendlo ezijikwe yinjini yokukhangela.
• Chaza iindlela zokuvavanya ukuthembeka kunye nokuchaneka komxholo we-intanethi.
• Chaza iindlela zokuvavanya umyalezo wemidiya ubaluleke kakhulu.

Sebenzisa injini yokukhangela (search engine)

I-webhu yenziwe yingqokelela enkulu yolwazi kwiiwebhusayithi ezingaphezu kwebhiliyoni. Luninzi ulwazi onokusebenza nalo! Unokufuna ukufumana ulwazi kwi-intanethi ngaphandle kokwazi iwebhusayithi okanye i-URL. Iinjini zokukhangela ziyayisombulula le ngxaki kwaye zikuvumela ukuba ukhangele ngokuqokelelwa okubanzi komxholo ukuze ufumane into oyifunayo.

Iinjini zokukhangela zizixhobo ezinamandla ezenza kube lula ukufumana ulwazi kwi-intanethi. Ezi zixhobo zewebhu zesoftware zijonga kwizigidi zewebhusayithi ukufumana umxholo othile owukhangelayo. Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeenjini zokukhangela ezikhoyo, kodwa ungasebenzisa zonke iinjini zokukhangela zewebhu ngendlela efanayo. UGoogle yeyona njini yokukhangela idumileyo.

Ukukhangela into, efana nembali yeMpuma-Koloni: 

1. Chwetheza igama lokukhangela ebaleni kwaye ucofe “enter” kwikhompyuter yakho okanye i-smartphone..
2. UGoogle uza kubonelela ngoluhlu lweziphumo zokukhangela. Isiphumo ngasinye sokukhangela si-hyperlink, eyakusa kwiphepha elithile lewebhu. Ke, ukuba ucofa kwi-hyperlink yembali yeWikipedia yeMpuma-Koloni, uya kubhekiswa kwiwebhusayithi yeWikipedia. 
3. Ungakhangela kwiphepha lewebhu okanye ubuyele emva kwiphepha leziphumo zophendlo ngokucofa iqhosha lotolo olungemva. 
4. Usenokukhetha ukucokisa iziphumo zophando ukuze ugxile kwimifanekiso, iividiyo, okanye ezinye iziphumo ezininzi.

Amacebiso okukhangela

Iinjini zokukhangela zikhangela kwizigidi zamaphepha ewebhu kwaye zihlala zikubonelela ngamawakawaka eziphumo ezihambelana namagama owusebenzisileyo kukhangelo lwakho. Kunokuba ngumceli mngeni ukukhangela inani elikhulu leziphumo ukufumana umxholo othile owukhangelayo. Iinjini zokukhangela zenza konke okusemandleni ukukunika iziphumo ezibonakala ziluncedo kuwe odwa azinakuhlala ziqikelela ukuba sijonge ntoni. Kukho ezinye iindlela onokuzisebenzisa ukunceda injini yokukhangela ikubonelele ngeziphumo ezifanelekileyo ukuze ungachithi xesha ngokujonga amaphepha ewebhu angahambelaniyo noko ukukhangelayo.

1. Xa kukhangelwa, akukho mfuneko yezivakalisi ezipheleleyo. UGoogle usebenzisa amagama angundoqo athile ukumisela iziphumo. Endaweni yokuba, “Ndifuna ukufunda ukwenza ikeyiki yetshokholethi,” “iresiphi yekeyiki yetshokholethi” yanele. Olu phendlo luza kukubonisa iindidi ngeendidi zamaqebengwana etshokolethi, kukho imifanekiso, iresiphi yeresiphi, nokunye.
2. Khumbula ukuba ungasebenzisa amanqaku okucaphula ukukhangela ibinzana elichanekileyo, elifana nesi sicatshulwa sikaNelson Mandela, “lihlala libonakala lingenakwenzeka de libe ligqityiwe. Ukuba uwashiya ngaphandle amanqaku acatshulweyo, uya kufumana uphendlo olubanzi, olungangcaluli kakhulu. Sebenzisa la macebiso. Oku kunokukunceda ukuba ufike kukhangelo oludumileyo, oluluncedo ngokukhawuleza. Umzekelo, ukuba ufuna ukufumanisa imozulu yaseRhawutini, qala ngokuchwetheza “eRhawutini”. Ingcebiso yokukhangela eyehlisiweyo iyavela. Ukusuka apho, ungakhetha “imozulu yaseRhawutini”. Iziphumo zokukhangela eziphezulu zibonisa ngokukhawuleza imozulu yeyure kunye neentsuku ezili-10.
3. Ungasebenzisa kwakhona iimpawu ezintle kwiinjini zokukhangela. Umzekelo, ukuba uchwetheza kwingcambu ka-144, isixhobo sokubala sivela njengesiphumo soku-1 kunye nengcambu ka-144.
4. Olunye uphawu olukrelekrele kukuguqulela ulwimi ukuba uchwetheza, “Say hello in Xhosa”. Isiphumo sokuqala siya kubonisa uguqulelo oluthe ngqo ukusuka kwisiXhosa ukuya kwisiNgesi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokubulisa ngesiNgesi kunye nendlela yokuyisebenzisa kwizivakalisi.

Hlola imininingwane eku-inthanethi

Vavanya iinkcukacha zeeintanethi

Njengoko ubrawuza iziphumo zophendlo kunye nesiqulatho kwiwebhu, kubalulekile ukuba wazi iintlobo zolwazi onokudibana nazo. Nabani na angenza umxholo kwiwebhu, ngoko awukwazi ukuthemba yonke into oyifundayo.

Nje ukuba ujonge kwiphepha lewebhu ukukhangela ulwazi, kuya kufuneka ubaluleke kakhulu ekuvavanyeni ukuchaneka kunye nokuthembeka komxholo. Ulwazi luchanekile ukuba unokuqinisekisa ukuba luyinyani. Ulwazi luthembekile ukuba unokuthemba umthombo opapashe umxholo.

Kukho izicwangciso ezimbalwa zokukunceda ukuba ugwebe ukuba iwebhusayithi inokuthenjwa, kwaye ukuba ulwazi olufumanayo luyinyani okanye lubuxoki.

1. Okokuqala, cinga ngokuba ngubani opapashe le nkcazelo yaye ngoba. Ngelixa abanye abapapashi bafuna ukwabelana ngolwazi oluyinyani kwi-Intanethi, abanye banomdla wokwenza imali, ukuthandwa kwi-Intanethi, ukusasaza iinkolelo zabo, okanye ukusasaza iintsholongwane zokonakalisa iikhompyuter zabanye abantu. 
2. Kuphephe ukuthembela kulwazi olusuka kumkhethe ukuya kwimithombo. Umzekelo, ukuba ufumana inqaku elithi wonke umntu kufuneka athenge iminqwazi kuba imozulu iya isiba mandundu, emva koko ubone ukuba umbhali wenqaku yinkampani ethengisa iminqwazi, bayayipapasha inqaku kusenokwenzeka ukuba babelane ngolwazi olucalucalulo. 
3. Ukukhetha icala akusoloko kukuni. Abantu abazenzela iiblogi, abapapashe inqaku ukwabelana ngeengcinga zabo kunye neengcinga zabo, banokubonisa ulwazi olubalulekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kuya kufuneka ulumkele umkhethe wayo nayiphi na enye kwaye wazi xa into iluluvo ngokuchasene nenyani.
4. Okulandelayo, khangela idomenyini. Uhlobo lwedomeni apho iwebhusayithi ebanjwe kuyo inokukuxelela kancinci malunga nohlobo lomxholo owujongayo. IiWebhusayithi eziphela ngo.gov.za ziiwebhusayithi ezisemthethweni zikarhulumente. Amaziko emfundo apapasha iiwebhusayithi eziphela ngo-ac.za okanye edu. Iiwebhusayithi eziphela kwimibutho ye-.org.za. Kulula ukufumana i-.co.za okanye u-.com, ezisetyenziselwa iiwebhusayithi zorhwebo. Ngokusekwe kuhlobo lwedomeyini, unokugweba ukuba uchaneka kangakanani okanye uchaneke kangakanani umxholo. Umzekelo, ingaba inqaku eliphuma kwindawo ephela ngo-.ac.za lithi abantu mabanxibe iminqwazi ukuthintela umhlaza wolusu, ulwazi luthembeke ngakumbi kuba lupapashwa yidyunivesithi (iidyunivesithi zidla ngokuba nemithetho engqongqo ekufanele ilandelwe phambi kokuba kwenzeke nantoni na ipapashiwe).
5. Okulandelayo, khangela umhla. Inqaku elithetha ngesona sixeko sinabantu abaninzi ehlabathini lisenokungathembeki ukuba lalipapashwe ngo-1999. Kuninzi okutshintshileyo ukususela ngoko. Ngalo lonke ixesha qiniseka ukuba ujonga umhla wokukhutshwa kwewebhusayithi yakho okanye inqaku ukuze ubone ukuba yeyangoku kwaye ifanelekile kwiimfuno zakho. 
6. Ekugqibeleni, khumbula ukuba kufuneka uhlale ujonga imithombo emininzi. Kuphephe ukuthembela kumthombo omnye kulo lonke ulwazi lwakho. Izalathisi ezininzi ozisebenzisayo. Okona kulula ukungqina ukuchaneka kolwazi olufumanayo.

Gcina ezi zicwangciso engqondweni ngelixa ukhangela iwebhu ukuze uqiniseke ukuba ulwazi olusebenzisayo luthembekile kwaye luchanekile. 

Vavanya  imidiya

Sidibana neendidi ezahlukeneyo zemidiya yonke imihla, ukusuka kumaphephandaba, kwiimagazini, kumanqaku ewebhu, kunye nemiyalezo. Kubalulekile ukuba sifunde ukuvavanya le miyalezo ngononophelo phambi kokuba siyamkele njengenyani.

Kweli lizwe lineentambo, ukudibana kudlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi kumfundi wethu onxibelelana nobomi. Ziindlela zemveli zosasazo ezifana nephephandaba, iTV, unomathotholo, kunye neencwadi eziprintiweyo, kunye nophuhliso lwamva nje olunje nge-imeyile, ii-eBooks, imidlalo ye-intanethi, kunye neeapps. Oku kuhamba kolwazi kuye kwaphucula ubomi ngeendlela ezininzi, kodwa kwakhona kuza nemingeni emininzi. 

Ngoku kukho abasebenzisi be-Intanethi abangaphezu kwe-4.2 yeebhiliyoni ehlabathini lonke. Nyaka ngamnye, iinkampani zichitha imali eninzi kwiintengiso ze-Intanethi. Kulula ukonganyelwa koku ukuba asiphuhlisi izakhono zokuhamba ngendlela yethu kulwandlekazi lolwazi olusingqongileyo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. 

Amajelo eendaba anokuzaliswa sisimo sengqondo nezimvo zabanye, yaye imiyalezo idla ngokufihlakele ngaphantsi koko sikubonayo nesikuvayo. Akufunekanga samkele nje le miyalezo, kodwa endaweni yoko sifunde ukucinga ngocoselelo nangokugxekayo malunga neendaba ziya kudla. Kufuneka siphuhlise ezi zakhono zokufunda amajelo eendaba kunokuba sizifunxe nje. Kufuneka sakhe ulwazi losasazo lweendaba. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka siyivavanye ngenjongo imiyalezo esijongene nayo, sicinge nzulu ngayo kunokuba siyamkele nje singenzi nto. Kufuneka siqwalasele ulwazi olutsha esidibana nalo ngononophelo ngokubuza le mibuzo mihlanu ibalulekileyo:

1. Ngubani odale umyalezo? Xa sichonga ukuba ngubani owenze umyalezo, siqala ukuqonda ukuba iingxelo azikho ngokwemvelo, zakhiwe. Ukuqonda oku kusinika umgama wokuba siqale ukubona le miyalezo ngokucacileyo. 
2. Zeziphi iindlela ezisetyenziswayo ukubamba ingqalelo yethu? Ngoku siyaqonda ukuba imiyalezo yenziwa, kufuneka sijonge indlela eyenziwe ngayo. Sinokuhlolisisa indlela umbala nobukhulu, ukukhanya nomthunzi, isandi nenzolo ezisetyenziswa ngayo ukuze sibe nomtsalane kwiimvakalelo zethu.
3. Abantu abohlukeneyo banokuwutolika njani lo myalezo? Apha, siyaqonda ukuba asingobamkeli nje abangevayo bolwazi. Ngokubuza lo mbuzo, sizama ukuhamba ngaphaya kweembono zethu ukuze siphonononge ezinye iimbono, ezakhelwe intlonipho kwabanye kwinkqubo.
4. Zeziphi iimbono, iindlela zokuphila, okanye iinqkubo ezisemgangathweni ezichazwe kulo myalezo? Xa esenza umyalezo, umbhali wenza ukhetho malunga nokuba yintoni amakayigcine kwaye ayishiye ngaphandle. Ezi zigqibo zibonisa ukuxabiseka kwababhali kunye nezimo zengqondo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zinobuqili kangakanani na. 
5. Kutheni uthunyelwa lo myalezo? Umbuzo uphonononga inkuthazo emva kokuthumela umyalezo kwasekuqaleni. Idlulela ngaphaya kwengcamango yokuba amajelo akhona nje ukonwabisa nokwazisa ukubuza ukuba ngubani oxhamlayo kulo myalezo?

Le mibuzo mihlanu iya kubonelela ngoncedo olunika isiseko esiyimfuneko sokucinga nzulu ngamajelo eendaba esizibandakanya nawo. 

Ukubuza le mibuzo akusombululi zonke iingxaki esijongene nazo njengabathengi beendaba. Kodwa baya kusinika isiqalo esiluqilima sokuzibandakanya ngokuyimfihlo kunye nokujongana ngokufanelekileyo nehlabathi elityebileyo leendaba ezisingqongileyo.

Masikhe sicinge 

Injini yokukhangela kukungena kwakho kulwazi malunga nehlabathi. Wazi njani ukuba ulwazi olufumanayo luyinyani kwaye ayizizo iindaba zobuxoki?